A research career shaped by (super)computing

March 07, 2018 - by Simone Ulmer

On the way to Petros Koumoutsakos' office, the stairwell and corridors are adorned with elaborate graffiti, and his office is decorated with mobiles. The scenes include shoals of blue fish, a mermaid and a sailing boat; there is an overarching theme about the dynamics of wind and water. Fluid dynamics are, after all, the focus of his research. As Professor of Computational Sciences at ETH Zurich, Koumoutsakos performs simulations on supercomputers to research the swimming behaviour of fish, the growth of tumours and blood vessels, multiscale processes in biological cells or the interactions of water with nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes.

The dynamics of wind and water seem to be in his blood, so to speak: now in his mid-50s, Koumoutsakos grew up in Gytheio, a small fishing village south of Sparta in the Peloponnese. Water was part of everyday life for the young Greek. His father had a fishing boat, in which the family used to head out to sea in their spare time. "We didn't have a TV, and as children we spent a lot of time daydreaming. On Sundays, we went to the cinema after church. Imagine something along the lines of the film 'Cinema Paradiso,'" he says.

After the UN's rejection, Koumoutsakos remained in the USA for two postdoc positions: he carried out research in the field of supercomputing at the California Institute of Technology and in the control of turbulent flows at Stanford University. In parallel to this, he attended courses in neuroscience and psychology, as he actually wanted to switch his career to neuroscience afterwards. Though that switch would not come to pass either, the detour would play a role later in his career. Twenty-one years ago, he took up the position of Assistant Professor in Computational Fluid Dynamics at ETH Zurich.  When he became Professor in Computer Science 3 years later, he was the first to teach machine learning at ETH Zurich after having been inspired by his foray into neuroscience research.

The common denominator

Koumoutsakos has ultimately witnessed the development of (super)computing from close quarters. He was already working with computers during his diploma thesis in Athens - which still used punch cards at the time. He has never managed to get away from computing since. "From my first day at ETH, the supercomputers at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) have been the most important tool in my work," he says.

At the same time, Koumoutsakos always seeks an interdisciplinary exchange of ideas with his colleagues in order to gain an insight into the subject area in question. To this end, he once worked in the laboratory of ETH Professor of Biochemistry Ari Helenius (now emeritus) for a few months, and he dissected mice suffering from cancer for his research on tumour growth at the laboratory of Doug Hanahan, then still at the University of California, San Francisco. However, no matter how varied Koumoutsakos' interdisciplinary research projects may sound, they have one common denominator: studying fluid mechanics at all scales with models, algorithms, data and of course computers.

Election to the National Academy of Engineering

The ETH Professor is passionate about science and has made a name for himself in his field. This is clear from his numerous awards, such as the prestigious Gordon Bell Prize that he received in 2013 and was nominated for again in 2015, as well as his recent election to the American National Academy of Engineering (see box). Part of the reason for his success is that when he uses cutting-edge supercomputers, he tries to ensure that he does so efficiently.

"Computing is essential for the progress of humankind," it says on Koumoutsakos' website. He explains that supercomputing has helped us to achieve breakthroughs in many areas of research, such as climate modelling or genome sequencing. "All modern cars, ships and planes have been developed on a computer." In order to solve truly complex problems, the scientist sees no other approach than involving computing.

In addition to utilizing the computers, he views his endeavours as a process of working with his group as a team. "I have been blessed with extraordinary students," he says, adding that he is a strict mentor and expects his students to be genuinely interested in - and passionate about - what they do. It is also important to him that his students are not afraid of anything, because, as he says, nothing is unsolvable - even though he also has doubts at times. If anything, life has taught Koumoutsakos that there is almost always a way out, as the example of the Gordon Bell Prize in 2013 shows.

Shortly before the submission deadline, Koumoutsakos and his team were unable to test the software of their competition entry, as they had not obtained any computing time on one of the most powerful supercomputers available. It was only thanks to a lucky coincidence that they obtained five hours of computing time at short notice. Unfortunately, the first attempt failed. It seemed as if all was lost. "But my students didn't want to give up. The code stopped due to a bug that was discovered at the last minute - and so we won the Gordon Bell Prize," Koumoutsakos says. He will remember that moment, of his students not giving up even when all seemed lost, for the rest of his life.